Harley Davidson – Organizational Behavior

Harley History Harley Davidson was seen in America as a company that produced motorcycles with â€Å"raw power. † The company was founded by Arthur and Walter Davidson and William Harley in 1903. In 1918, Harley Davidson had become the largest motorcycle producing company in the world. Their production totaled 28,000 motorcycles. Production continued to increase with the onset of World War II and the military use of Harley’s motorcycles. The mystique of the product had a tough sense to it with famous actors such as James Dean and Marlin Brando sporting the bikes.After World War II, foreign competitors became interested in the motorcycle market. Japanese competitors entered the market in 1959; Harley Davidson executives did nothing to counter the advance of the competition. Harley Davidson’s share of the industry began dropping while Japanese competitors introduced high quality products. The confidence in Harley’s reputation was causing the firm’s ma rket share to decline steadily. AMF Years Harley Davidson lacked resources to finance new products and designs to expand their production. They were taken over by AMF, a heavy-industrial conglomerate.At this time there was high demand for motorcycles in the U. S. The AMF team thought that they would be able to sell anything they produced, even without taking quality into consideration. After the take over, production was increased drastically at the cost of the quality of the product. AMF began spending large amounts of money on Harley’s manufacturing plants. Production increased from 15,475 units in 1969 to 70,000 units in 1973 due to these new expenditures on capital. To make things worse for Harley, the Japanese firm Honda introduced the â€Å"Goldwing. This was the first introduction of a foreign â€Å"heavy weight† motorcycle that would directly compete with Harley’s market share. With Harley Davidson’s share of the heavyweight market beginning to d ecrease, the quality of their products also decreased because they were becoming outdated compared to the new advanced Japanese products. Vaughn Beals was brought into the picture by Harley executives to lead the firm. Vaughn Beals Saves the Day Vaughn Beals’ ideals were different than those of AMF its top management. It became clear that AMF did not have the same amount of concern for Harley’s success as Beals, so AMF began looking for a buyer.With Harley Davidson’s profitability down, Beals and some other Harley Davidson managers orchestrated a highly leveraged buyout. This large amount of debt for the buyout forced Harley Davidson’s managers to adopt a new strategy: survival. Vaughn Beals realized that his firm needed to change to become a more competitive force within the motorcycle industry. Change Many things at Harley Davidson were going wrong. The motorcycles were being made at a low level of quality and the focus was too much driven by quantity r ather than quality. The organization was formed around the traditional top thinks and everybody acts.It was very apparent that if nothing changed, Harley Davidson’s reputation would be forever tarnished due to low quality products. Forces for Change: Competition (chapter 19) Competition for business is changing. Competitors can come from across the ocean or from across town. For Vaughn Beals, his main force for change was the Japanese competition that was continuing to decrease Harley Davidson’s share of the market. He realized that something had to be done. While visiting the Honda plant, he learned many things that the Japanese did better than Harley Davidson. The differences between Harley Davidson and Honda were striking. For example, only 5 percent of Honda’s motorcycles failed to pass final quality inspection; over 50 percent of Harley’s failed during the same test† (Buller & Schuler 2006). Job Design Instead of allowing manufacturers to keep producing the products at a high pace, with little attention to quality, Beals and his top management wanted to change the way the elements in an employees job was organized. Harley Davidson initiated this new job design through the productivity triad. The Productivity TriadAfter the visit, Beals and his team realized the only way to compete with the very effective management of the Japanese was to improve the quality of their product and the production process that was necessary to produce it. The productivity triad was based on Japanese methods of manufacturing and production. â€Å"This new approach involved (a) employee involvement, (b) use of JIT inventory practices, and (c) statistical operator control (SOC). Organizational Structure (chapter 16) To improve the quality of Harley Davidson’s motorcycles, a complete change of the organizations structure was necessary.Job tasks would be divided, grouped, and coordinated much differently under the productivity triad. To cha nge the structure, Beals and his management introduced many new aspects to the employee’s average day at work. Employee Involvement (chapter 7) Harley Davidson executives realized that using the input of employees would increase their commitment to the much-needed new success of Harley Davidson. They â€Å"reasoned that full participation of employees at all levels was the key to successful improvement of both the product quality and the production process† (Buller & Schuler 2006).Job Characteristics Model Harley Davidson uses 3 out of 5 of the characteristics in the model developed by J. Richard Hackman. This model proposes that any job can be described in terms of these core dimensions. Autonomy (chapter 7) Since the line workers were more knowledgeable about what techniques would work and not work in the production process, they were encouraged to make decisions about the production process. This provided a substantial amount of freedom in determining the procedures to be carried out for producing the product. Skill Variety (chapter 7)Instead of just relying on the line workers to construct the product, Beals and his team wanted to make sure that the motorcycles were going to be of a much higher quality than in the past. To avoid catastrophes, such as oil leaking onto a showroom floor, â€Å"top management reasoned that training and empowering employees to measure quality and recommend change was essential for improvement† (Buller & Schuler 2006). Using the Statistical Operator Control method, employees could now see how problems developed and how they could fix them during the production process.Task Identity (chapter 7) The same employees that were measuring the products for quality issues were also manufacturing the product. This would allow the employee to really become part of his/her product. It would also allow for a more efficient method of production. Creating a Learning Organization Learning Organization (chapter 19) To have a continuous ability to adapt and change would allow Harley Davidson to keep up with the competition and provide its employees with the knowledge to continue to produce quality products.In the 1990’s, Harley Davidson â€Å"began emphasizing organizational and individual learning at all levels through a program it termed the Leadership Institute† (Buller & Schuler 2006). The organization took on a strong belief that anyone could learn more. The traditional top thinks and everyone else acts was merged into thinking and acting in all jobs. Along with all this learning, the firm began to change many core aspects of its operations. New Design Options To help Harley Davidson compete more effectively, top management began to mphasize teamwork at all levels. This would allow for easy information sharing and constant learning throughout the organization. To enhance the effectiveness of teams, Harley Davidson wanted to break down any barriers that would prevent employees from sha ring information, developing new ideas, or catching current production problems. To do this, they needed to get away from the traditional roles that employees and managers play. Team Structure (chapter 16) Harley Davidson eliminated the positions of senior vice president in marketing and operations.They observed that these jobs did not add any value to the motorcycles. A create demand team, a team that was in charge of producing the products, and a product support team were introduced to help employees. Instead of having to approach one top manager for help and get sent to another department to solve the problem, Harley executives realized these teams would be more efficient. Boundaryless Organization (chapter 16) For all of these new changes to actually work, executives in a sense had to let employees become their own managers.To make the changes the most effective, Harley Davidson eliminated the chain of command, allowed the employees to have limitless spans of control, and replac ed departments with empowered teams. Types of Teams Self Managed Work Teams (chapter 10) Harley-Davidson employees were put into work teams and encouraged to participate in the decision making process because they knew better than management what worked and what did not. Because the productivity triad emphasized employee involvement so much, the logical way to form teams would be to allow the members to make most decisions. Types of TrainingMost of the training that the employees would go through when they sought new knowledge was technical based. They would be taught about any aspect of the firm they felt would benefit production or quality. Technical Training (chapter 18) At Harley-Davidson top management saw that as technology became a larger part of the production process their employees needed to have better training to be able to operate productively. Also, after benchmarking itself against Japanese competitors Harley-Davidson saw that learning about all fields within the orga nization would benefit everyone.This led to the invention of the â€Å"Leadership Institute†, which encouraged employees to seek out training when they needed it. They wanted to create a program that would allow employees to have the opportunity to do a quality job every time. This included learning more about the theories behind the latest technologies and learning about related fields. Since Harley-Davidson was now using empowered teams to make important decisions throughout the organization, each team member needed to have a good handle on technical aspects involved with their responsibilities. CultureWith all of these changes underway, Harley Davidson began to develop its own sense of internal culture that became a system of shared meaning held by the employees. The productivity triad and the Learning Institute both helped pave the way for a unique new culture at Harley Davidson. Organizational Culture (chapter 17) It is not hard to assume that with such drastic changes i n an organization’s structure, there could be changes in the culture as well. Since employees were allowed to make a lot more of their own decisions and management was not seen as so much of an authority, gaining knowledge in the organization became more of a choice. An employee must make the decision that he or she wants more training – no one will tap you on the shoulder – but once you are there, we will help you† (Buller & Schuler 2006). The executive committee wanted to heavily emphasize that they too had much to learn. This became the norm for employees and managers throughout the firm. A willingness to learn about all fields within the production of a motorcycle was seen as a very desirable trait within Harley Davidson.This would improve the quality of the product because increased knowledge about different aspects of the motorcycle, which were perhaps previously unknown organization wide, would now be put to use. Core Values (chapter 17) The primary or dominant values that were accepted throughout the Learning Institute included the work itself, the supporting systems, and how the work was done. Employees were encouraged to master all the skills necessary to do a quality job every time. To uphold the idea of constant learning, they were expected to learn more of the theories behind the latest technologies of one’s job.To emphasize the boundaryless aspect, employees were expected to branch out and learn the related fields of work around them. Each employee should also have a high degree of knowledge about how the motorcycle works and how it can be improved. If they have a good handle on how the motorcycle operates and how to fix it, this could drastically improve customer relations. Since employees became empowered to make decisions for the production process, they were also expected to take responsibility for their product.If there was a quality problem in their product, it was up to them to figure out how to solve it. Having an open mind was important too. An employee was expected to always be looking for new things to learn about improving their work. There were no strict guidelines that employees had to stick to when it came to brainstorming ideas. Creativity and experimentation were encouraged. Conflict Functional (chapter 15) Since Harley Davidson’s new culture involved a lot of participation and independent learning, there were a lot of different opinions from different employees.This would be a good amount of conflict that would avoid groupthink and promote creativity. Process (chapter 15) After production quality began to increase, the idea of over seas production had come up. There was a lot of debate about whether or not Harley should produce motorcycles abroad, or just increase domestic production for export. Some of the employees thought that the overseas manufacturing of Harley Davidson motorcycles was inconsistent with â€Å"buying a piece of the American Dream† (Buller & Schuler 2006). The international market for Harley Davidson is growing.The firm has subsidiaries across the globe in countries such as: Germany, Japan, and the United Kingdom. The German subsidiary also serves Austria, France, Denmark, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland. Germany, Japan, Canada, and Australia represent the firm’s largest export markets. It is very apparent that Harley Davidson is known worldwide. Europe holds the world’s largest heavyweight motorcycle market and is â€Å"expected to become the next battleground for heavyweight motorcycles† (Buller & Schuler 2006). Rewarding EmployeesTo increase motivation and work performance, Harley Davidson really wanted their employees to understand empowerment. They rewarded them with power and of course pay. Participative Management (chapter 7) At Harley-Davidson top management realized that the employee needed to be utilized as a resource for ideas on how production of motorcycles should work. Harle y-Davidson also realized that there were un-needed positions at the corporate level of the company â€Å"We eliminated those jobs because they didn’t add value to our products. The people were auditors.They were checkers† (Buller & Schuler 2006). This led to the company eliminating the Senior Vice President in Marketing and Operations position among other positions. These positions did not add value to the product. Instead of having these jobs, employees were put into teams and were encouraged to use their own expertise in the decision making process. Harley-Davidson wanted their employees to become more like managers and to not feel the need to ask someone above them on how to do things. This is a key tool for increasing job satisfaction and motivation.Merit Based Pay (chapter 7) Another new program that Harley-Davidson began was a pay for performance pay system. Harley-Davidson wanted their employees to understand empowerment, so they encouraged their employees to le arn as much as they could about the company. This would improve quality, which would allow a general wage increase to take place. Task Groups (chapter 9) When Harley-Davidson created these teams it meant that employees had more power in their own decisions. Many of the teams specialized in one aspect of production, so they had very specific tasks.After the teams were created, these teams would make decisions on production instead of higher ups in the company, â€Å"Before Harley established teams, people would go up to one boss and that boss would go over to another boss and he would go to still another boss. And we wondered why the Japanese beat us on the issue of time† (Buller & Schuler 2006). Conclusion Harley Davidson’s market share began to dramatically increase in the late 1980’s and early 1990’s. The structural and cultural change that Vaughn Beals and Harley executives imagined truly did save the firm. Harley Davidson motorcycles today are seen as very high quality machines.They have become a symbol of status and lifestyle in today’s society. Observing how much customization a consumer can request for his/her bike reflects the creative aspect of the firm’s internal culture. Harley continues to exemplify individuality through its production process and large amount of die hard followers. Contributions to the project: Jared and Scott wrote the paper; everyone did their part for the power point. References: Buller & Schuler. (2006). Managing organizations and people. U. S. : Thomson South Western. Judge, J. A. , & Robbins, S. P. (2008). Organizational behavior (13th edition). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

The New Angle On Sports Essay Topics Just Released

The New Angle On Sports Essay Topics Just Released The Battle Over Sports Essay Topics and How to Win It Introduction Sports are termed as any bodily or mental activity that is mostly done during leisure time and includes a high degree of entertainment involving an awareness of competition. Language ought to be easy and clear. People today take part in various sports for various factors. Different types of Sports Sports can be broadly categorized dependent on the location or area where it's being played. The Number One Question You Must Ask for Sports Essay Topics When it has to do with sports, picking a topic can be an enjoyable undertaking or it may be a nightmare waiting to occur. Another issue you must take into account is the degree of research it's possible to conduct within the established deadline. There are lots of topics that could be explored utilizing this resource it can help you to get the most interesting one for you. Don't be fearful of the old-fashioned interface what distracts other students provides you a special and valuable resource! It is extremely easy to play in role in protecting youth sports in the usa. Now the state of sports in India has become changed and it is now the fantastic field to find popularity and success. At exactly the same time, there are students who are interested in sports but aren't fantastic writers. The business related to sports ought to be under the realms of the government of the nation. Using Sports Essay Topics On the opposing side, acquiring a list of good persuasive essay topics is insufficient. It's important to understand that essay topics are just basic ideas that leave you pondering an idea that might be a huge deal to another person. Selecting a topic is a vital issue that partly estimates final success of the job. Still, figuring out the very best topic for your essay isn't your only concern for a student. Selecting the correct topic for a persuasive speech may be not such an easy issue to do as it might seem. At a specific point, you will have to compose an essay utilizing satire essay topics. Thanks to the correct selection of presentation style and a thorough understanding of the goals you need to attain in your essay, there are plenty of categories essay themes may be broken into. Persuasive essays are a really good method to encourage the reader to check at a particular topic in a different light. What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About Sports Essay Topics Persuasive essays are one form of essay which can be easily applied to the subject of sports. Pick a topic which you're really interested in and one that you truly believe. You have to remember that sports argumentative essay topics should be critiqued. Below you can come across several quite excellent topics for essays of different kinds. You could be requested to approach a sports essay from an assortment of perspectives. Sports research paper topics cover a wide variety of fields. There are several persuasive essay topics to select from to finish your high school or college assignment. There are various topics that you're able to select, and making certain that the perfect one is selected is critical. There are scores and scores of jobs linked to sports out there on the market, and if a person feels that sports are better for his career, he should choose sports in his studies, and it'll get him a great job. An exact personal debate as people would like to have the sport they played to be thought to be the most athletic. Another reason for pursuing such sports is that there's a great deal of fame and money involved inside them. There is an extensive selection of sports which cater for a substantial number of spectators. By the time children get to the age of twelve, they might have been engaged in youth spo rts for around eight years allowing them to get a strong foundation of motivation. Protecting youth sports, so that they're readily available, is the ideal thing for our kids and is the ideal way to make sure that we're empowering future generations with important life abilities. They have been shown to raise the age of first sexual intercourse and athletes are far less-likely to get pregnant. Some folks argue about sports more than anything else, which could be considered crazy considering all the larger problems on the planet.

The Rwanda Genocide - 808 Words

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Hiv And Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome - 1557 Words

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The number of those infect ed with the disease are not accurate because researchers believe many people infected with HIV have not been diagnosed yet (Shahani, Hartman, Troisi, Kapadia, Giordano, 2012; Hallmark et al., 2014). Since it’s discovery there have been great improvements in the treatment of HIV and AIDS patients, although there is still no cure. There is an increased need for the diagnosis and treatment of the disease for men and women in the U.S. Those infected with HIV are not receiving the health careShow MoreRelatedHuman Immunodeficiency Virus ( Hiv ) And Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome1807 Words   |  8 PagesHuman Immunodeficiency Virus MGH Institute of Health Professions Joshua Igoe-Muzorewa â€Æ' Introduction Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) continues to be an incredibly important health concern for not only the United States (US) but across the Globe (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016a). 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Saturation Sampling Free Essays

The parameters that underpin quality research especially qualitative research keep changing and so the need for more clarity and transparency. The lucidity and transparency of reports from qualitative research form the basic philosophical foundation upon which the rigor as well as credibility of the qualitative study is evaluated. Qualitative studies are highly anchored on the quality of the reports generated and thus there is increased emphasis on the data collection stage. We will write a custom essay sample on Saturation Sampling or any similar topic only for you Order Now Given that all reliable targets may not be available to the qualitative researcher, the concept of saturation sampling allows the researcher to survey all the identifiable targets. In other words, saturation sampling helps researchers to overcome problems of lack of intentional sampling frames. For that reason, the researchers will attempt to survey all samples available. In addition, Fontanella et al (2008) add that saturation sampling allows the researcher to take a multifaceted approach in the study by removing the limits to the techniques of data collection, the mode of use, and the type of data collected. This boosts the reliability of the investigation by providing as much information as possible (Fontanella et al 2008). An example of a research study that employed data saturation is found in the ‘Public Understanding of Science- Journal’ titled ‘Ethno-cultural community leaders’ views and perceptions on biobanks and population specific genomic research: a qualitative research study’ by Godard et al (2010). The authors of the article note that due to the large gap existing due to lack of sufficient data on views and perceptions of communities on biobanks, their qualitative study required an in-depth interview of ethno-cultural leaders but the public’s involvement was also important. In the conclusion of the study, the researchers found that leadership and general public must equally be involved in the partnership even if the public is not informed of the significance of the biobanks. In addition, the model allowed the researchers to identify various socio-cultural and ethical issues that impact on the effective performance of biobanks. How to cite Saturation Sampling, Papers

Virtualization Technology

Question: Discuss about the Virtualization Technology. Answer: Introduction Virtualization is the creation of simulated versions of IT elements such as Operating Systems, storage devices, servers or network resources (Portnoy, 2016). Kumar Charu (2015) define virtualization as an arrangement of software and hardware configurations that constructs Virtual Machines (VMs) and facilitates the execution of more than one operating systems running on the same physical resources and platform. In addition, virtualization can be referred to the resourceful utilization of the present resources that offers gigantic cost savings in a short amount of time. Virtualization also delivers organizations with fresh models of software deployment which meets user anticipations, offers quick services, self-service provisioning, scalability and load balancing to support important business systems. The illustration below shows a virtual IT infrastructure (Kumar Charu, 2015). Figure 2: A Virtual Infrastructure (Source: Metzler, 2011) Role of virtualization in a data center According to VMware White Paper (2016), virtualization enables enterprises to handle challenges that include the following Server consolidation - virtualization removes the need for many servers in an organization that are not used to their full capacity by using only one server and deploying other required servers as virtual machines (VMs) which can therefore execute safely across shared resources plainly which thus increases server usage and utilization to optimized levels. Since many servers including mail servers, webservers, and network servers usually use less than forty percent of their capability, deploying them as virtual machines in only one server saves physical space, consumes less power and reduces on organizational costs. Development and test environment standardization and optimization virtualization enables the provision of development and testing servers by recycling configured systems, augmenting collaboration between system developers and allows standardizing development environments which increase system compatibility, thereby reducing developer conflicts and errors. Organizational sustainability and continuity - virtualization reduces the expenses and complications of business sustainability by providing the availability of disaster recovery solutions by compressing major systems into single system files that can be simulated and reinstated on other server thereby decreasing downtime and system resources. Enables secure enterprise desktop virtualization provides user workstations, personal computers and laptops with secure platforms without conceding their autonomy by offering security policies in applications surrounding virtual desktop machines. Need and importance of virtualization technologies Virtualization is a major factor to business organizations since it is an enabling technology that allows the creation of an intelligent abstraction layer that hides the difficulty of underlying software or hardware (Kumar Charu, 2015). Virtualization technologies allows business enterprises to reduce costs on both hardware and software purchases and split computing resources to gives one or more than execution environments (Naeem et al, 2016). Virtualization is a major part of contemporary design for data center (Onisick, 2010). Virtualization technologies are necessary and organizational should implement them because of the following benefits as laid out by Naeem et al (2016). Reduction in infrastructure costs including cooling, power, spacing and cabling, due to less required server hardware which consequently saves money. Centralized management and monitoring tools exist for most virtualization platforms which maximizes uptime Improved hardware utilization since traditional servers only use up to 10% resources.Placing multiple virtual machines on the same physical server achieves high utilization. Availability, reduction in system administration work and management benefits Virtualization in Amazon Founded in 1994, Amazon is an Americancloud computing and electronic commerce company. It is the leading web based retailer in the world by total sales and market capitalization having started as an online bookstore (Amazon, 2017). To satisfy it large base of clients and customers, Amazon has implanted virtualization technologies. Amazon Virtual Private Cloud VPC allows for the provision of a rationally secluded segment of their Web Services cloud where a client can introduce web resources in a self-defined virtual network. The customer has complete control and management over the virtual networking setup, comprising of their specific address ranges, gateways, subnet creation, and route table configuration (Amazon, 2017). Major attributes of a VM A virtual machine (VM) is the basic component of virtualization and act as a container for operating systems and application software executing on top of the virtualization layer on a server (Portnoy, 2016). VMs offer several benefits for IT infrastructure in a business organization. Major attributes of an efficient virtual machine (VM) include the following Hardware Independence - VMs should have the capability of migrating to any physical server Partitioning- ability to run more than one operating systems on one physical machine and provision to divide system resources among virtual machine Safety and Isolation at the hardware level, VMs should provide security and fault isolation. In addition, with progressive control of the system resources, they should be able to preserve machine performance. Encapsulation virtual machine files should be saved and hidden from access and contact by other systems. The files also should have the capability of moving from one location to another. Fidelity The environment it creates for the VM is essentially identical to the original (hardware) physical machine. Performance - between the physical equivalent and the VM there should be little or no difference at all. Points to consider when using VM as a server Workload capacity and performance planning server virtualization greatly increases resource utilization, to ensure efficient running of a VM server, workloads , capacity and performance should be kept in check. Security - security is a very key factor in computer systems. To ensure that servers are working effectively, security has to be set in place to inhibit any possible threats. Operational processes and procedures ensure that procedures and policies on how to run, monitor and control the VM server are in place. Storage apportionment and management storage allocation should be estimated so that currently available capacity is not exceeded which can subsequently affect server performance. Virtual appliance vs vApp A virtual appliance is a preconfigured application software that contains virtual machines(VMs) and software solutions that are combined, integrated, controlled and reorganized as a unit (VMware Inc, 2010). Avirtual applianceis usually setup ready to run on ahypervisor. Virtual appliance is created when a software appliance is installed on a virtual machine and packaged into an image. Virtual appliances are usually anticipated to exclude the setting up, configuration and upkeep costs linked with the execution of complicated heaps of software applications (Bhartiya, 2015). A virtual appliance is easy for users to obtain and implement as solutions. Virtual appliances make the development and the dissemination of software applications simpler and reduce the execution time. vApp A vApp contains several interoperating virtual machines (VMs) and software applications that can be installed and managed as one element. vApps use standard Open Virtualization Format to compress elements of a given application, alongside operating procedures and service levels agreements associated with them. A vApp gives software developers a typical way of describing procedures and policies that the clouds or datacenters they are using can be consistently interpreted and executed (VMware Inc, 2010). A vApp offers a suitable method of using software applications without the complication of installing the applications yourself (SAS, 2016). When to use a virtual appliance When you want to isolate the host operating system especially when testing software applications When you want to save on hardware and software costs of a business organization When a company does not have enough physical space for setting up all the required hardware and software equipments When a company want to implement centralized management of all its resources and communication Virtual appliance suppliers :VMware Inc. VMware delivers virtualization and cloud applications and services (VMware Inc., 2010). VMware leads in both server and desktop virtualization markets. VMware continues to lead the virtualization market due to inventions, tactical connections and quality products (Hess, 2016). Desktop software at VMware operates on Linux, macOS AND Microsoft Windows. Sever Hypervisors run on VMware ESXi and VMware ESX. The two are bare-metalhypervisorsoperating openly onserverhardware without the necessity of needing an extraoperating system (OS). Citrix Systems Inc. Citrix Systems, Inc.is an American corporation founded by Richardson in the late nineties. Citrix provides desktop, server and application virtualization, cloud computing services and software as a service(SaaS). Citrix started by creating remote access applications including remote servers. The company has other development centers in countries including Canada, Australia, United Kingdom, Denmark, India and Germany (Citrix, 2017). Microsoft Microsoft has been a leading software provider for many years now. To compete in the server virtualization market, Microsoft developed a non-Linux hypervisor and continues to offer striking authorization for the hypervisor product together with the operating systems running on it (Microsoft, 2017).The hypervisor continue getting more and more competitive for virtualization after every new release of a new Windows server. The company has also continued to gain clients for their virtualization services including Hyper-V services. References Amazon (2017). Amazon Com Inc. Retrieved from https://www.amazon.com/ Bhartiya, S. (2015). Why, When, and How To Use a Virtual Machine. Retrieved from https://www.linux.com/learn/why-when-and-how-use-virtual-machine Citrix (2017). What does Citrix do? Retrieved from https://www.citrix.com/about/what-does-citrix-do.html Hess, K (2016). Top 10 Virtualization Technology Companies for 2016. Retrieved from https://www.serverwatch.com/server-trends/slideshows/top-10-virtualization-technology-companies-for-2016.html Metzler, D. (2011). Virtualization: Benefits, Challenges, and Solutions, White Paper. Retrieved fromhttps://www.stotthoare.com.au/sites/default/files/files/1_16100_WhitePaper_VirtualizationBenefits_by_Webtorials.pdf Microsoft (2017). Microsoft Hypervisor. Retrieved from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/cloud-platform/server-virtualization Naeem, M., Mahar, H., Memon, F. Rauf, A. (2016). An overview of virtualization cloud computing. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307905618_AN_OVERVIEW_OF_VIRTUALIZATION_CLOUD_COMPUTING Portnoy, M. (2016). Virtualization Essentials. Second Edition. ISBN: 978-1-119-26772-0 Kumar, R., Charu, S. (2015). An Importance of Using Virtualization Technology in Cloud Computing. Global Journal of Computers Technology, Vol. 1, No. 2, February 25, 2015, ISSN: 2394-501X. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rakesh_Kumar175/publication/273723426_An_Importance_of_Using_Virtualization_Technology_in_Cloud_Computing/links/5509bd980cf20f127f907ce3.pdf Onisick, J. (2010). Data center 10: server virtualization. Retrieved from https://www.definethecloud.net/tag/data-center-virtualization/ SAS. (2016). What is a vApp and how does it work? Retrieved from https://support.sas.com/software/products/university-edition/faq/vmapp_whatis.htm VMware Inc (2010). Users Guide to Deploying vApps and Virtual Appliances. Retrieved from https://www.vmware.com/support/developer/studio/studio21/va_user.pdf

Japan and Imperialism 1853

Introduction James Huffman is the author of the book, Japan and Imperialism 1853-1945. The author uses a dazzling and interactive sequence of events to tell how Japan dealt with the challenge of foreign policy and victimization from colonizers. The author engages the reader by explaining how Japan responded to these challenges.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Japan and Imperialism 1853-1945 by James Huffman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Adoption and promotion of imperialism in Japan had numerous effects on the country’s development strategies, as well as the welfare of citizens (Huffman 10). In addition, the author analyses the country’s imperialism framework in terms of its positives and negatives. The book examines many issues about development in Japan, as well as various empirical and theoretical concepts on the same. This essay provides a detailed review of the book by identifying and analyzing various concepts and topical approaches. Problem: Questions/Issues Examined by the Author The issue addressed by the author in this book is how Japan managed to establish itself as an economic and political powerhouse in Asia. James Huffman applies his literacy prowess to provide a detailed and sequential recitation of how Japan redeemed the sovereignty of its people amidst the pressures of imperialism and colonization from western nations (Huffman 15). In addition, the author identifies the problem of pressure coming from Japan’s domestic settlements and administrative districts, which made it hard to achieve effective management of resources. The challenge of imperialism and colonialism was hard for Japan to deal with, as it was targeted and victimized for practicing a learned profession (Huffman 19). Significance of the Book in Understanding Asian Studies The book is very useful and significant because it helps the reader gain better understanding of historical f acts about Japan. The author incorporates pictures, an alphabetical list of technical terms used in the text, chronology of events, endnotes, and references for anyone interested in expounding their knowledge on any concept developed in the reading. The author has extensively covered all the important happenings for the entire period from 1853 to1945. It is during this period when the world first experienced Japan. It is also the time the Asian country gave in to the demands of the colonial masters following the bombing of its two major cities (Huffman 26). The two cities bombed by the western colonial masters were Nagasaki and Hiroshima.Advertising Looking for book review on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Following the bombings, Japan allowed the western colonial masters to extend their rule over its people. The author gives an in-depth analysis of how imperialism shaped Japan in terms of economic development, technol ogical growth and adaptation, as well as improvement of its political system (Huffman 29). The reading provides detailed, reliable, and informative facts about Japan’s history during the period covered. I would recommend this reading to anyone interested in learning how Japan has managed to remain resilient in its efforts to become a global powerhouse. The period covered by this reading has all the right information on what shaped Japan’s economic and political agendas. Theoretical and Topical Approach of the Author in the book The theoretical approach applied by the author is one that explains the concept of imperialism and how it helped to shape Japan’s development strategies. The main topic in the reading is imperialism, which the author believes motivated Japan to economic and political development. Because of foreign policy influence, Japan was able to develop effective policies for economic development, as well as create an inclusive political system that focused on improving the welfare of all citizens (Huffman 41). In addition, the author explains how the concept of imperialism helped Japan to amplify its borders. Expansion of administrative borders helped Japan to enhance its resource capacity that was influential in development of better technologies. In the reading, the author gives an example of the city of Hokkaido, where residents benefited from technical institutions set up to develop their farming practices through better technologies (Huffman 45). Other cities benefited from hosting military camps for colonial missions in other regions and countries across the Asian continent. Imperialism helped to empower the people of Japan economically, through their various projects and missions. The author uses an interactive approach to explain the concept of imperialism, and how it helped Japan to develop an inclusive political system. The influence of foreign policy made Japan open up to the idea of developing relations with other countries.Advertising We will write a custom book review sample on Japan and Imperialism 1853-1945 by James Huffman specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This resulted in the signing development agreements with other countries that also built embassies in the country (Huffman 49). According to the author, these developments played a crucial role in Japan’s expedition to economic independence and better international trade relations. Key Concepts: Main Empirical and Theoretical Concepts The author presents four important concepts throughout the reading. The four concepts are victimization, foreign policy, patriotism, and contemporary foreign policy. The author defines colonialism as the strategy of victimizing people from outside one’s self-governing boarders through possession and control (Huffman 63). The other concept presented by the author is foreign policy, which refers to instances where a country aggressively ext ends its authority over other people by imposing its policies on them (Huffman 66). The author uses Japan, a victim of foreign policy to expound on this concept. Patriotism is another concept present in the reading. The author defines patriotism as the commitment that people show towards their nation by supporting its various interest areas and cultural practices that define its identity. However, the author warns that patriotism can take either a positive course or a negative course, depending on policy frameworks used by a government (Huffman 68). The final concept presented in the reading is contemporary foreign policy. The author explains this concept as a strategy that is applied by influential western nations to acquire more colonies in Africa and Asia. Summary of Argument to the Reading Japan and Imperialism 1853-1945 is a book that presents many interesting, informative, and knowledgeable realities about Japan (Huffman 2). The book has few pages, which means that the author has not extensively covered the history of Japan. The author addresses various elements of Japan’s history, albeit in very diminutive detail. The main arguments presented in the reading by the author focus on imperialism, colonization, opening up of Japan to the rest of the world, impacts of foreign policy and victimization on Japan’s development agenda (Huffman 53). Other arguments developed in the reading talk about how Japan dealt with World War II and the economic depression.Advertising Looking for book review on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Data and Evidence Presented The author applies a variety of data to present the concept of imperialism in Japan’s history. The data comprises narratives about influential individuals from western colonies, who contributed towards guiding Japan’s development agenda (Huffman 17). The references used are quite reliable, as they come from credited sources such as novels and journals. The author also uses data from articles printed following research studies by Ivy League institutions, such as Stanford University and the University of Washington (Huffman 79). The use of reliable data has made the book a worthy read and a legitimate reference for future studies. Validity of Accounts and Arguments in the Reading The author uses a very persuasive style of writing, which validates the arguments developed in the reading. Although the narrative is not long enough, the author has managed to provide accurate data that convinces the reader. The use of reliable and easily accessible sources further validates information provided in the reading. This provides an opportunity for a reader to do further reading on various concepts and theories applied in the reading (Huffman 79). I can confidently say that the book is valid and convincing enough for any reader who wants a reliable source on Japan’s history. Strengths and Limitations of the Reading Imperialism and Japan 1853-1945, is an amazing book that provides an interesting summary of Japan’s rich history in few pages. The four concepts developed in the reading are sufficient in providing the reader with necessary information on the subject (Huffman 10). Clear elaboration of concepts and theories in the book makes it easy and interesting for the reader to have deep understanding of its content. Use of chronology, endnotes, and a detailed timeline makes the reading to stand out and appealing to a reader. I would highly recommend this book to anybody interested in learning Japan’s rich history . Works Cited Huffman, James. Japan and Imperialism: 1853-1945. New York: Association for Asian Studies, 2010. Print. This book review on Japan and Imperialism 1853-1945 by James Huffman was written and submitted by user Carlos Munoz to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.